Category: Blog

How to Manage Taxes in Retirement

6 min read

How to Manage Taxes in RetirementThe biggest difference between managing taxes throughout your career versus during retirement is that when you are retired, you are responsible for calculating how much you owe and paying it on a timely basis. Retirees normally have several different income sources, and not all automatically withhold taxes from distributions.

Retirement Income Sources

Having multiple sources of income during retirement is a good strategy, as it helps protect you from market declines, tax legislation changes, and potential defaults or cutbacks in pensions or entitlement programs. However, be aware that the more income sources you have, the more effort it takes to determine how much you owe in taxes for the year.

As a general rule, retirement income is taxed as either ordinary income or long-term capital gains. Ordinary income includes:

  • Employer wages
  • Taxable interest payments
  • Ordinary dividends
  • Short-term capital gains (on assets held a year or less)
  • Taxable withdrawals from retirement accounts
  • Taxable Social Security benefits
  • Withdrawals from health savings accounts (HSAs) for nonqualified expenses
  • Annuity payouts
  • Rental income
  • Pension payouts

Income subject to long-term capital gains is taxed at 0 percent, 15 percent, or 20 percent, depending on your total taxable income. This type of income is generated from:

  • Profits from the sale of a business (assuming you started and sold the business over more than 1 year)
  • Real estate (excluding rental income)
  • Securities
  • Most other investments held for over a year
  • Qualified dividends

Additional Investment Tax

Single taxpayers may be subject to an additional 3.8 percent net investment income tax (NIIT) on income generated from invested assets – if their modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is $200,000 or more ($250,000 or more if a married couple filing jointly). Examples of investment assets include interest, dividends, long- and short-term capital gains, rental income, royalty income, and nonqualified annuities.

Automate Tax Withholding

One way to make tax planning easier in retirement is to have taxes automatically withheld whenever you take income distributions. Much like having payroll taxes withheld from your paycheck, when you file year-end taxes, you reconcile the amount owed by either paying more or receiving a refund.

There are certain income sources on which taxes are automatically withheld, but be aware that a fixed percentage (e.g., 10 percent) may not be the appropriate amount for all taxpayers. The fixed percentage withheld may vary by investment type, and in many cases, the account holder can change the default withholding. The following shows how taxes are handled for different retirement income sources.

  • 401(k), 403(b), and other qualified workplace retirement plans – Basic distributions are typically subject to 20 percent withholding. However, required minimum distributions (RMDs) are subject to a 10 percent withholding. Note that if the plan balance is high enough for the RMD to place the taxpayer in a higher tax bracket, a 10 percent withholding may be too low. Set up or change the withholding percentage by submitting Form W-4R to the plan administrator.
  • IRA (Traditional, SEP, and SIMPLE) – Unless the retiree specifies otherwise, non-Roth IRAs typically withhold 10 percent of distributions. Set up or change the withholding percentage by submitting Form W-4R to the custodian.
  • Annuity – Annuities are taxed as ordinary income, thus subject to a tax rate based on the total amount of income the retiree receives throughout the year. Note that a non-qualified annuity is usually comprised of already taxed income plus earnings. When a retiree starts receiving distributions, only the earnings portion is taxed. Set up or change the withholding percentage by submitting Form W-4P to the issuer.
  • Pension – Pensions are taxed as ordinary income, thus subject to the total amount of taxable income received throughout the year. Set up or change the withholding percentage by submitting Form W-4P to the payer.
  • Social Security – If Social Security benefits and all other income totals less than $25,000 per year, the beneficiary generally does not have to pay income taxes. However, if a retiree earns a higher amount through a combination of income sources, including tax-exempt income, up to 85 percent of Social Security benefits may be taxable. In this scenario, the retiree can request that the government withhold a fixed percentage (7 percent, 10 percent, 12 percent, or 22 percent) from his Social Security paychecks. Set up or change the withholding percentage by submitting Form W-4V to the local SSA office.
  • Taxable bank or brokerage accounts – These accounts may give you the option to have a percentage of taxes (10 percent or choose your own percentage) withheld from investments with realized capital gains, dividends, or other asset-based income. Retirees who withdraw regular income or periodic high distributions may want to elect a percentage of taxes withheld to reduce their tax liability at the end of the year. You can make this election at the time you set up your withdrawal.

Develop a Tax Payment Plan

One of the best ways to enjoy retirement is to automate your tax payment plan. You can do this by actively selecting a withholding percentage for each income source you own and varying it based on the amount and frequency you tend to draw down each year.

Another option is to pay estimated quarterly taxes (due Jan. 15, April 15, June 15, and Sept. 15 every year). This is how most independent business owners and contractors self-pay their taxes in order to avoid an underpayment penalty. This strategy works best if you receive unexpected income throughout the year, earn self-employment income, or receive rental or taxable investment income.

The good news is that after your first full year of retirement, you will have set the bar for how much you owe in taxes – referred to as your safe harbor. Thereafter, you’re not subject to an underpayment penalty as long as you pay at least:

  • 90 percent of the prior year’s full tax bill or
  • 100 percent of the prior year’s full tax bill (if AGI is $150,000 or less;$75,000 or less if married filing separately), or
  • 110 percent of the prior year’s full tax bill (if AGI is more than $150,000; more than $75,000 for individuals or married couples filing separately)

Remember that in addition to creating a retirement income plan, it’s important to develop a tax payment plan as well. This will help make tax season go a whole lot easier.

Updated IRS 2024 Penalties for Late Filing and Missed Tax Forms

3 min read

IRS 2024 PenaltiesEvery year, the IRS announces annual inflation adjustments related to tax rate schedules, deductions, cost-of-living adjustments, etc. What many taxpayers do not realize is that they also adjust the cost of fines and penalties as well. This means that the penalties for late filings and missing tax forms are getting more expensive. In this article, we will look at the penalties for failing to file various types of tax returns as well as failing to file certain types of forms.

Failure to File Penalties

There is simply no way around it: skipping out on filing a tax return is going to cost you. Each type of return has its own penalty associated with it. For returns to be filed in 2024, the failure to file penalties is as follows.

Income Tax Returns

Failure to file within 60 days of the due date, the minimum penalty is $510 (up from $485 in 2023) and can increase depending on the circumstances – up to 100 percent of the taxes on the return.

Partnership Return

Failure to file a partnership tax return incurs a $245 penalty (up from $235 in 2023).

S-Corporation Return

Failure to file an S-Corporation return incurs a $245 penalty (up from $235 in 2023).

Beyond these simple financial penalties, things can get serious depending on the length of time a return has not been filed and the amount of past due taxes. This includes liens, levies, and passport restrictions.

Passport Revocation or Denial

In cases of serious tax delinquency, defined as a tax debt of $62,000 or more in 2024, your application for a new passport can be revoked or denied renewal.

Liens

If a taxpayer fails to pay a properly assessed tax bill, the IRS can file a Notice of Federal Tax Lien. This type of lien puts creditors on notice that the federal government has a legitimate claim over your property. This means that when you sell any of your property or assets, you can be forced to send the proceeds to the IRS.

Levies

Levies are the legal seizure of your property. Typically, any property can be levied to fulfill a tax obligation. There are exceptions for certain small amounts of personal property, such as provisions, furniture, and other household personal effects, and business property needed to carry on a trade or business, but these are negligible thresholds (less than $12,000). Further, wages can be levied and are subject to a formula that calculates a maximum weekly amount.

In any case, a levy is the last resort of the IRS but is obviously something you want to avoid.

Conclusion

Paying penalties is no fun, and no one wants to pay them. You may feel overwhelmed due to personal or business circumstances or other reasons, but the absolute worst thing you can do is to ignore your tax filing obligations. Even if you are late, the sooner you file versus burying your head like an ostrich, the better – as it’s “better late than never” when it comes to the IRS.

The main lesson is that ignoring things won’t make them better.

How the 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act Impacted Accounting in 2023

3 min read

2022 Consolidated Appropriations ActAccording to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services’ report “Advancing Rural Health Equity,” the 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (CAA) maintained telehealth options due to the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (PHE) order for 151 more days beyond the original expiration of the Covid-19 PHE. Medicare recipients will benefit from the extension of telehealth services. This legislation will also permit Medicare to pay for telehealth services provided by Federally Qualified Health Centers and Rural Health Clinics.

The 2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act extends, through 12/31/2024, the following telehealth flexibilities authorized during the COVID-19 public health emergency. Healthcare providers are permitted to bill Medicare for telehealth services regardless of Medicare patients’ residence. Examples of providers include audiologists, speech-language pathologists, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. Telehealth coverage will also remain available for mental health services through 2024.

During March 2020, the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) lengthened the Covid-19 Accelerated and Advance Payments (CAAP) Program to more medical suppliers under Part A and Part B. Such accelerated and advanced payments are remittances to both Part A and Part B providers in the case of interruptions to submissions and processing of claims. This can happen during man-made or natural disasters as a means to speed up cash flow to healthcare suppliers and providers. The CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) offers greater flexibility via increased time lines and payment sums through the expanded CAAP program for providers.

Based on the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021, and Other Extensions Act, while the CMS no longer accepts accelerated or advance payments, permitted providers will have repayment begin 12 months after each provider or supplier’s accelerated or advance payment is issued.

One important consideration when it comes to accounting for these types of transactions is party consideration. Primarily, these transactions involve more than simply the purchaser and merchant. When it comes to medical services, and especially Medicare and Medicaid, there’s the patient, the direct service provider (doctor, nurse, admin staff, etc.), the facility (in or out of network consideration), and the private or government-based administered entity. The point here is that when it comes to revenue recognition, there needs to be explicit delineation for which party delivers services to the patient (and when) and how each party recognizes revenue based on their arrangement(s) with the patient.  

As for recognizing revenue, the relationships between the patient and the different providers are important due to when the entities are able to recognize revenue — generally when the material/service/product is delivered/satisfied. This is where records are important to keep and analyze on the accounting end so there can be proper reconciliation as to when the product/service has been fulfilled and when it’s recognized by the appropriate entity for revenue recognition procedures.

While there’s no cut-and-dried method to account for the evolving way payments are made, it’s important to keep up with state and federal legislation. Always check with your accountant to stay current with the latest updates to these laws.

Expanding Benefits for Veterans and Extending Government Funding Until Jan. 19, 2024

3 min read

Expanding Benefits for Veterans and Extending Government Funding Until Jan. 19, 2024A bill to amend Title 38, United States Code, to extend and modify certain authorities and requirements relating to the Department of Veterans Affairs, and for other purposes. (S 2795) – This bill was introduced on Sept. 13 by Sen. Don Tester (D-MT). This act extends various Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) programs and benefits, including extending the use of contract healthcare professions for disability exams from three to five years; extending authorization for VA emergency preparedness for public health emergencies through fiscal year 2028; and extending certain fee rates under the VA’s home loan program through Nov. 15, 2031. The bill passed in the Senate on Sept. 13, the House on Sept. 26, and was signed into law by the President on Oct. 6.

Wounded Warrior Access Act (HR 1226) – This bill requires the VA to develop and maintain a secure online website that will allow claimants to request records related to their VA claims and benefits, as well as a process for reporting violations. The legislation was introduced by Rep. Pete Aguilar (D-CA) on Feb. 28. It passed in the House on March 7, the Senate on Nov. 2 and was signed into law on Nov. 13.

Korean American Valor Act (HR 366) – This act amends U.S. Code Title 38 to treat certain members of the armed forces of the Republic of Korea, who served in Vietnam under the Armed Forces of the United States, as veterans for purposes of qualifying for healthcare by the VA. The legislation was introduced on Jan. 13by Rep. Mark Takano (D-CA), and was passed in the House on May 22 and in the Senate on Oct. 19. The bill was enacted by President Biden on Nov. 13.

A bill to amend Title 38, United States Code, to strengthen benefits for children of Vietnam veterans born with spina bifida, and for other purposes. (S 12) – Introduced by Sen. Mike Braun (R-IN) on Jan. 26, this bill requires the VA to provide healthcare, job training and monetary benefits to children of Vietnam veterans who were born with spina bifida – for the duration of the child’s life. The bill also requires the VA to establish an advisory council responsible for the care, coordination and ongoing outreach to assist with any care changes over time. The bill passed in the Senate on July 13, the House on Sept. 19, and was signed into law on Oct. 6.

Further Continuing Appropriations and Other Extensions Act, 2024 (HR 6363) – This continuing resolution (CR) was introduced by Rep. Kay Granger (R-TX) on Nov. 13. It is part of a two-step process to continue funding most government programs and activities at fiscal year 2023 levels for the current fiscal year (2024). The CR expires on Jan. 19, 2024, by which time budget legislation will need to be passed in order to avoid a government shutdown. This CR passed in the House on Nov. 14, the Senate on Nov. 15, and was signed by the President on Nov. 16.

Super Apps and Their Impact on Traditional Business Models

5 min read

What is a Super AppsAs technology advances, users crave convenient and feature-rich solutions. In mobile app development, the concept of super apps is taking the tech world by storm. These apps include a wide range of services within a single platform, such as messaging, payments, ride-hailing, food delivery, and more. Super apps have disrupted traditional business models by providing a more convenient, personalized, and cost-effective user experience.

Defining Super Apps

Super apps are powerful, multifunctional platforms that offer numerous services, from transportation and finance to e-commerce and social networking, all within a single application. This is unlike standalone apps, where each focuses on a specific function, like the video-sharing service YouTube. The super apps allow users to access different services without downloading them to their devices and without switching between numerous applications.

Super apps, a term popularized by WeChat in China, represent a new breed of applications that provide a centralized hub for users to access various services. They usually start as one service before evolving to include several mini-services. For example, WeChat began as a messaging and social media app. WeChat now has more features, including mobile payments, ride-hailing, entertainment, and an e-commerce platform, among other features.

One of the primary factors contributing to the rise of super apps is the shift in consumer behavior. Users increasingly favor a one-stop-shop experience, where they can perform different tasks without switching between multiple apps. This convenience has made super apps highly popular, becoming an essential part of the digital ecosystem in many countries.

The adoption of super apps in the West has been slower and more fragmented compared to Asia. While user preferences are shifting toward integrated digital experiences, regulatory and market dynamics have challenged the widespread adoption of super apps. However, elements of the super app model are gradually being incorporated into existing Western apps as companies explore ways to provide users with a broader range of services within their ecosystems. A good example is the acquisition of Twitter, rebranded to X by Elon Musk, intending to turn it into an everything app.

According to research on the global super apps market, the value of the market in 2022 was $58.6 billion. The market size value is expected to reach $722.4 billion by 2032. This signals the enduring presence of super apps, requiring businesses to adapt in order to maintain their competitive edge.

The Impact on Traditional Business Models

Super apps have challenged established business models in many industries, including finance, retail, and transportation, among others. In retail, super apps often include marketplaces that offer users a wide range of products and services. This has disrupted traditional brick-and-mortar retailers and standalone e-commerce platforms. As users spend more time within super apps, they are less likely to use separate e-commerce apps, leading to a shift in the retail landscape.

In finance, super apps frequently integrate financial services, such as mobile payments, digital wallets, and personal financial management. This has upset traditional banking models by offering a more accessible and user-friendly way to manage money. The convenience and speed of financial transactions within super apps are compelling, drawing users away from traditional banking.

In transportation, super apps have revolutionized the industry with ride-sharing and mobility services. Traditional taxi companies and car rental agencies are facing stiff competition from these apps, which offer efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly alternatives for getting around.

Super apps have also transformed the food and delivery industry by offering a seamless way to order meals, groceries, and other goods. This has challenged traditional restaurants and grocery stores to adapt to the changing market dynamics.

How Businesses Benefit from Super Apps

  1. Super apps provide a platform for businesses to reach a vast and diverse user base, leading to increased brand awareness and customer acquisition. They also allow businesses to upsell and cross-sell existing products or services to their customers, increasing sales.
  2. By offering a wide range of services, super apps create new revenue streams for businesses and increase customer loyalty as users can access all their favorite services in one app.
  3. By bringing together multiple service providers inside their ecosystem, super apps promote cooperation and innovative ways to solve client problems.
  4. Businesses may invest in joint ventures and collaborations with other businesses using the super app, resulting in the development of distinctive products and value-added services.
  5. Super apps simplify processes for businesses by bringing together multiple service providers. This lets businesses give undivided attention to their core competencies and leave other services to the super app.
  6. Super apps allow businesses to build stronger brand loyalty by providing a more convenient, personalized, and cost-effective user experience.
  7. Super apps can help businesses reduce costs by eradicating the need to develop and maintain multiple standalone mobile apps. Besides, building a single super app is less expensive than managing multiple apps, and it allows developers to focus on a single product and eradicate unnecessary costs involved in the app development process.

Conclusion

Super apps are here to stay, and their impact on traditional business models is undeniable. They offer users unparalleled convenience, forcing traditional businesses to rethink their strategies. To thrive in this evolving landscape, businesses need to embrace digital transformation, innovate, and consider how they can leverage the reach and capabilities of super apps to their advantage.

New Business Travel Per Diem Rates Announced for 2023-2024

3 min read

Business Travel Per Diem Rates 2023 2024New per diem rates were recently announced by the IRS and are effective for per diem allowances on or after Oct. 1, 2023. These updated rates include changes for the transportation industry, incidental expenses as well as the high-low substantiation method. Before we dive into the detailed changes impacting per diem rates, let’s revisit the concept of the per diem in general.

To Per Diem or Not to Per Diem

There are two basic ways that employees can be reimbursed for business travel expenses. The first is a direct reimbursement of the actual expenses. The second is the per diem method.

Direct actual expense reimbursement is exactly what it sounds like. For example, a sales employee pays for a plane ticket and meals during a customer visit and then submits an expense report with the receipts as backup. Typically, a company will have a travel and expense policy that limits the expenses allowed – no Michelin star restaurants or first-class flights, for example. Other than this, direct expense reimbursement is simple and straightforward.

The second expense reimbursement method is called the per diem method. The per diem method is basically a pre-package policy of controls for both spending and tax purposes.

Fundamentals of Per Diems

Per diem is Latin for the term for each day. In practice, it is a daily allowance granted to each employee. It covers travel and related business expenses, allowing a fixed amount to cover business travel expenses.

Per diem policies can cover only three types of expenses: lodging, meals, and incidentals (anything else must be directly reimbursed). A per diem policy does not need to cover all three, however. An employer can use the per diem only for meals, for example, and deal with lodging under the direct actual expense reimbursement method. Also, the per diem method cannot cover transportation expenses or mileage reimbursement.

Taxation of Per Diems

Per diems are generally not taxable, and no withholding tax on the payments is necessary. The exception to this is if an employee does not provide or provides incomplete expense report information – or if you give the employee a flat amount that is in excess of the maximum allowance (with the excess being taxable).

Two Types of Per Diems

Per diem rates can be determined in one of two ways: either the standard rate or using the high-low method.

The standard rate is a fixed rate, whereas the high-low method is based on the cost of living being higher or lower in different locales. Under the high-low method, for example, Boston gets a higher reimbursement than Des Moines to account for this.

2023-2024 Rate Updates

The IRS updates the per diem rates every year. The 2023-2024 rates took effect Oct.1, 2023. They are as follows:*

  •        Travel to high-cost locations is $309 ($297 prior year)
  •        Travel to other locations is $214 ($204 prior year)
  •        Incidental expense stay is the same at $5 per day, regardless of location

*Taxpayers in the transportation industry are subject to special rates

7 Smart Saving Strategies for Retirement

3 min read

How to Save for RetirementNext year, something called Peak 65 is happening. This moniker refers to the fact that more Americans will reach the traditional retirement age of 65 in the same year than at any time in history. Crazy, right? However, many of these people don’t feel like they’ve saved enough to live comfortably after they retire. Here are some ways to maximize your savings and cut costs so you can be prepared and retire with less financial worry.

Use a retirement calculator. This is key. You’ll be able to see if what you have in retirement so far will be enough to actually live on. Here’s the tool. Once you know where you are, you’ll be able to determine your financial goals.

Catch up on retirement savings. If you’re over age 50, you can make something called “catch-up contributions.” You can increase your 401(k) salary deferrals by up to $30,000 and up to $7,500 in your IRA. Look into this ASAP. The more you contribute, the more you’ll close the gap between what you have and what you’ll need.

Put together a sample budget. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, a household run by someone aged 65+ spends on average $4,345 a month, which is about $52,141 a year. Given this fact, it makes sense to take a look at your budget to see where you can cut back. Do you have numerous streaming services or magazine subscriptions? Can you use public transportation instead of driving? Must you buy name brands at the grocery store or would generic suffice? Review several months of expenses and ask yourself these types of questions. You might be surprised at what you discover and how you can save.

Utilize your Health Savings Account (HSA). This is a great tool to help you prep for health care costs when you retire. Once you enroll in Medicare at 65, you can still use your HSA investments, even if you no longer qualify to contribute. But you can get started on this early. Once you’re 55, you can contribute an extra $1,000 to your HSA each year on top of the maximum amount you’re using to catch up.

Consider part-time work. Having some supplemental income is a great idea when you retire. You’ll not only keep busy, which for some is critical, but also generate extra cash. You might even start a small business. What is it that you’ve always wanted to do? What are you passionate about? These questions are worth exploring.

Move to a less expensive city. There are some states that are simply less costly. And when you’re downsizing, which lots of people do when they retire, it makes a difference in your quality of life. For instance, Montana doesn’t have any sales tax, and state taxes are 33 percent less than the U.S. average. Here are a few others to consider.

These are just a few of the things you can do to prepare for one of the most important seasons of your life. No matter when or how you decide to retire, in the long run, it pays to start thinking about it before these years are even on the horizon.

Sources

https://www.bankerslife.com/insights/personal-finance/7-saving-strategies-for-a-secure-retirement/

Two Ways to Measure Revenue Per User

3 min read

Two Ways to Measure Revenue Per UserWhen it comes to measuring revenue, it’s essential that businesses analyze it from a variety of perspectives. While there’s revenue and net income on an income statement to show a company’s quarterly financials, another way to measure it is through ARPU (average revenue per user) and ARPPU (average revenue per paying user).

Defining ARPU

ARPU is the average revenue per customer or per unit. It looks at how much revenue is earned over a particular timeframe (multiple times a month, quarter, half-year, or 12 months) divided by the average patron during the same timeframe. This can be applied to many different types of companies, including social media and software as a service (SaaS). It’s calculated as follows:

ARPU = Total revenue/Average units or subscribers

ARPU = $10,000,000/100,000 = $100

Interpreting ARPU

This is a snapshot of a company’s profitability. It’s a way for companies to track revenue generation over a short or long period. With this information, a company or investor can analyze the business’s past and present performance. It can help determine whether or not the business needs to re-evaluate its operations and product models or if an investor should invest in a company.

When it comes to evaluating an investment, if one company in a specific industry is generating an ARPU of $5 and another company is generating an ARPU of $3, the first company could be a more attractive investment. Similarly, if the trend of a company’s ARPU is increasing, it’s worth looking at how the company’s stock has performed. Additional investment research can determine how the company’s stock price is appreciated.

Average Revenue Per Paying User (ARPPU)

ARPPU is used to determine the average revenue from a company’s paying customers only. To contrast this measurement type, ARPU factors in all users.

Assume the following: A business had revenue of $2 million, an average user base of 1 million, and an ARPU of $2.

If, however, we’re looking at the ARPPU, we need to take out the non-paying user base. If the non-paying user base is determined to be 425,000, the remaining paying base is 575,000. Use the following formula to calculate ARPPU:

ARPPU = Period of Recurring Revenue/Active Paying Users during the same measurement period

ARPPU = $2 million/575,000 = $3.48 per active paying user

Interpreting ARPPU

When the ARPPU is low, this indicates the business’ products or services aren’t well received by customers and those to whom it is marketing. A higher ARPPU indicates a company’s marketing efforts, products, and services are received well by customers. Similar to ARPU, results from ARPPU can be analyzed for trends to see when products or services are well received; and then investigated to determine whether it is influenced by the sales and marketing, customer service, product quality, etc.

Whichever way a business analyzes its sales and revenue generation processes, taking multiple approaches can provide different perspectives to help owners and employees determine when and where to make improvements to its operations.

2024 Cost of Living Adjustments

4 min read

2024 Cost of Living AdjustmentsIn one year’s time, the U.S. inflation rate dropped by more than half, from 8.2 percent in September 2022 to 3.7 percent in September of 2023.

If there is a downside to lower inflation, it’s a lower cost of living adjustment (COLA). This year, the inflation rate plummeted from 6.4 percent in January to the current 3.7 percent. While food prices, both grocery and dining out, continue to increase. Between February 2020 and September 2023, grocery store prices rose 25%. That was slightly above the 23% increase in menu prices during the same period. But a number of consumer goods prices had decreased by midsummer, such as:

  • Gasoline (-26.5%)
  • Airline fares (-18.9%)
  • Car and truck rentals (-12.4%)
  • Major appliances (-10.7%)
  • Televisions (-9.9%)

The Problem with Inflation Data

Inflation data can be misleading for a number of reasons. First, while inflation statistics are quoted annually, these are compounded figures. The annual inflation figures for the past three years are as follows:

  • January 2022: 5.9%
  • January 2023: 8.7%
  • January 2024: 3.2%

If you add each year’s annual inflation, it comes to 17.8 percent; however, compounded prices rose by 18.8 percent over the three-year period. Now, imagine the compounding effect of inflation over many more years.

Second, when you hear that there is a decrease in inflation, it is not that prices are lowering; instead, it’s that prices are increasing but at a slower rate. For prices to drop, we would need actual deflation and not just lower inflation.

Finally, you need to remember that whether it is from a Social Security COLA increase or a raise at your job, an increase in income equal to inflation does not keep up with the actual cost of inflation. This is because of taxes. If you get a raise equal to inflation, you take home that amount less taxes, so your wages or Social Security is really not keeping up with inflation.

Take all three of these factors together, and that’s why inflation feels much worse at the grocery store than it appears on paper.

Social Security Benefits

The fluctuating inflation rate doesn’t just impact the prices of consumer goods, it also affects income. Specifically, Social Security benefits are adjusted each year based on changes in the cost of living.

More than 71 million Americans currently receive Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits. One in four households of people age 65 and older depend on their Social Security check for at least 90 percent of their family income. Therefore, it is very important that COLA adjustments keep up with inflation.

Given that the inflation rate fluctuated between 7.1 percent and 9.1 percent last year, Social Security benefits increased by 8.7 percent in 2023. However, since inflation has dropped significantly in 2023, Social Security benefits will increase by only 3.2 percent in 2024.

To find out how much individual Social Security paychecks will increase, beneficiaries can check the Message Center of their my Social Security account. In early December, recipients will receive notification of their increased payment by mail.

How the Increase is Determined

Be aware that if there is no year-to-year increase in inflation, there is no cost-of-living adjustment for Social Security income. While inflation rates vary, it is pretty uncommon not to have some sort of increase.

Effective January 2024, the average monthly Social Security benefit for a retired worker is $1,907; for a married couple, the combined average is $3,033. The maximum amount of earnings subject to the Social Security tax is scheduled to increase from $160,200 in 2023 to $168,600 in 2024.

Health Savings Accounts

Starting in 2024, the annual contribution limit for an HSA linked to a high-deductible healthcare plan will be $4,150 for individual coverage; $8,300 for a family plan.

2025: Catch-up Contribution

Starting in 2025, people ages 60 to 63 will be able to significantly increase catch-up contributions to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans. The limit will increase to $10,000 – or 50 percent more than the regular catch-up amount – whichever is greater.

2026: Catch-up Contribution Twist

Starting in 2026, catch-up contributions made by people earning more than $145,000 will have to be contributed to an after-tax Roth account. Note that the Roth account requirement applies only to workers whose wages are subject to FICA taxes, so it does not apply to partners, the self-employed, or state and local government employees.

As of this writing, the IRS has not yet released changes to contribution limits for qualified retirement plans in 2024.

 

Understanding Operating and Capital Leases

4 min read

What is Operating Capital and Capital LeasesThe first thing to define is what a lease itself is. It’s an agreement or contract where one party, the lessor, allows another individual or business, the lessee, to use their asset in return for payments or different assets. The next step is to define the following types of leases. The two types covered in this article are operating and finance (or capital) leases.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

IFRS does not differentiate between operating and capital leases. However, depending on if the loan has certain characteristics of transferring generally accepted rewards and risks, it would resemble what’s otherwise considered a finance lease. When it comes to Canadian Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises (ASPE) and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), the terms capital lease and finance lease can be used interchangeably.

Operating Leases

Operating leases are used when the client wants to rent and not purchase. During and once the lease is up, the lessor is always in possession.

It can be cheaper to rent – and sometimes renting is the only option for small or medium-sized businesses that are unable to purchase assets. Another advantage for businesses is that they can stay competitive by being able to upgrade their assets since they don’t own it. Along with lessees generally only having to pay for asset maintenance costs, operating expenses for the leased assets are likely tax-deductible because they’re considered business costs. Agreements normally last three-quarters of an asset’s estimated economic life, and the present value of lease payments is usually less than 90 percent of an asset’s fair market value.

Finance (Capital) Leases

Once this agreement’s term is up, the lessee owns the formerly leased asset. Unlike an operating lease, it provides the lessee an opportunity to purchase the asset below fair market value through a bargain purchase option. It also differs in that the contract’s term spans a minimum of three-quarters of the asset’s estimated useful life. If the present value of the lease payments is at least 90 percent of the asset’s original cost, it qualifies as this type of loan.

Determining the Loan Type

Looking through the lens of IFRS, one way to decide what type of a lease to enter is to calculate the present value of the smallest lease financial obligations. Taking the following loan terms, we can determine what percentage of the minimum lease payments are of the asset’s fair value when the lease is signed. Here’s an example.

On the first day of the year, a business signed a lease agreement for five years for equipment that has a fair value of $150,000 and has an interest rate of 8.75 percent. A single installment of $33,750 will be paid at the start of each year. The equipment will be returned to the lessor at the end of the lease. The asset’s useful life is five years, with no residual value. The company chooses the straight-line depreciation method.

Since the equipment will be returned to the lessor, the bargain purchase option doesn’t apply. Also, since the economic life is five years and the lease term are the same length, it’s 100 percent, rendering the asset to have no alternative use once the lease is completed. Therefore, we can determine the present value as follows:

Number of Periods (NPER) = 5 annual payments over the loan’s life

Rate = 8.75 annual interest rate

FV = 0 (future value)

PMT = $33,750 (single payment per 12-month period)

Type 1 = (payment is made at the beginning of the year)

Calculated using Excel, the present value is $143,693. This present value divided by the initial cost means that the asset’s fair value when leased is 95.8% ($143,693/$150,000)

Based on this calculation, with the least lease payments’ net present value well above the 90 percent minimum threshold, it would be considered a finance or capital lease.